SAMUEL L. BUFFORD, Bankruptcy Judge.
Jay Tien Chiang ("Chiang") is the debtor in a case pending in Toronto, Canada under the Canadian Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act. Mendlowitz & Associates, Inc.
Winner argues that Chiang has no center of main interests ("CoMI") in Canada or in any other country, and that he has no establishment
The court holds that, for every debtor, there is a country where the debtor's CoMI is located, and every debtor has one (but not more than one) CoMI. In this case, the debtor's residence is located in Canada, and thus he enjoys the presumption, which is unrebutted, that his CoMI is located in Canada.
Debtor and his brother Julius Chiang created a computer business, Amazing Technologies Inc. ("Amazing Technologies"), a California corporation, in the 1980's. KDS claims that Amazing Technologies owes it some $10 million for computer monitors delivered in the early 1990's. Chiang and his brother settled that dispute in 1993 by personally guaranteeing the payment of $8.5 million to KDS.
After non-payment of the debt for a period of five years, KDS obtained a judgment from the Orange County Superior Court in 1998 awarding it $9.7 million against the Chiang brothers on their guarantees. The court further found that the Chiang brothers engaged in fraud and breached their fiduciary duties when they illegally transferred funds, securities, and real property to their family members.
KDS obtained a second California judgment of $5 million against the Chiangs in 1999. In 2008, the Orange County Superior Court granted a 10-year renewal of the judgments against the Chiang brothers, which by then totaled $17,896,867.
Chiang filed a voluntary bankruptcy petition in Canada on September 28, 1998.
In 2008, Mendlowitz discovered an E-Trade securities account, opened in Winner's name in 2006 in Hong Kong, with a $2.8 million balance.
In the meantime, KDS filed an action against E-Trade, Winner, and Chiang in the Los Angeles County Superior Court on December 10, 2009 seeking a temporary restraining order ("TRO") as to the E-Trade account. The Superior Court issued the TRO
On February 15, 2010, Mendlowitz filed this chapter 15 petition for recognition of the Canadian foreign proceeding pursuant to § 1515. Thereafter, Mendlowitz removed the Superior Court action to this court.
Upon recognition, Mendlowitz, joined by KDS, requests cooperation with the Canadian courts and extension of the interim relief pursuant to § 1521. Winner opposes the motion on the grounds that the Canadian case is not a "foreign main proceeding". E-Trade concedes that U.S. courts (but not Canadian courts) have personal jurisdiction over it.
This court previously granted interim relief pursuant to § 1519 freezing the E-Trade account, pending recognition of the
Chapter 15, enacted in 2005,
To promote harmony among national insolvency laws, UNCITRAL recommends that each country adopt the Model Law as part of its domestic insolvency regime. While allowing for necessary adjustments, the Guide to Enactment advises that a country make only minor changes to the Model Law in the course of the adoption process. See SAMUEL L. BUFFORD, UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL INSOLVENCY LAW 3 (Oxford Univ. Press 2009); see also Guide at 12. Consequently, the Model Law is a valuable, persuasive instrument that U.S. courts use to interpret chapter 15. See § 1508.
In complement to the Model Law, the European Union Council has adopted its Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings ("EIR"), which can shed light on the meaning and interpretation of chapter 15 terms. See Council Regulation 1346/2000, 2000 O.J. (L160) 1-18 (as amended). In fact, the EIR was finalized one year before the Model Law, and they use many common concepts.
Section 1517(a)
Recognition of a foreign proceeding under § 1517 must meet three procedural and two substantive requirements. See In re Ran, 607 F.3d 1017, 1021-22 (5th Cir. 2010). The procedural requirements are imposed by § 1517(a)(3), which requires a petition for recognition to meet the requirements of § 1515.
Section 1515, in turn, imposes three pleading requirements. First, § 1515(a) requires that the foreign representative have filed a petition for recognition. Second, § 1515(b) requires the petitioner to establish that a foreign proceeding exists, and that the petitioner has been appointed as the foreign representative. The first two paragraphs of this subsection specify what constitutes sufficient evidence, and
Mendlowitz has satisfied all of these procedural requirements. Thus, § 1517(a)(3) has been satisfied. In addition, Mendlowitz has also met the requirements of § 1517(a)(2) because "the foreign representative applying for recognition is a person or body[.]"
Thus, the only substantive issue before the court is the requirement of § 1517(a)(1): whether the foreign proceeding for which recognition is sought is a foreign main or nonmain proceeding. If the foreign proceeding is neither a foreign main proceeding nor a foreign nonmain proceeding then it is simply ineligible for recognition under chapter 15. See Ran, 607 F.3d at 1022; In re Bear Stearns High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Master Fund, Ltd., 389 B.R. 325, 334 (S.D.N.Y.2008); see also, In re SPhinX, Ltd., 351 B.R. 103, 120 n. 22 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.2006), aff'd, 371 B.R. 10 (S.D.N.Y. 2007).
Recognition under § 1517 is not a "rubber stamp exercise." See, e.g., Ran, 607 F.3d at 1021; In re Basis Yield Alpha Fund (Master), 381 B.R. 37, 40 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y.2008). Even in the absence of an objection, a court must undertake its own jurisdictional analysis and grant or deny recognition under chapter 15 as the facts of each case warrant. See Ran, 607 F.3d at 1021; Bear Stearns High-Grade, 389 B.R. at 335. The ultimate burden of proof on the requirements for recognition is on the foreign representative. See, e.g., Ran, 607 F.3d at 1021.
In this chapter 15 case, Mendlowitz seeks recognition of the Canadian proceeding as a foreign main proceeding. The recognition of a foreign proceeding as a main proceeding brings certain statutory benefits to the debtor. Section 1520(a) specifies that, upon recognition: (a) the automatic stay provisions of §§ 361 and 362 apply with respect to a debtor's U.S. property within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States; (b) §§ 363, 549 and 552 apply to a transfer of interest of the debtor in U.S. property; (c) the foreign representative may operate the debtor's business in the United States and may exercise the powers of a trustee pursuant to §§ 363 (use, sale or lease of property) and 552
In this case, Mendlowitz wants to invoke subparagraph (a) of § 1520 to prevent Winner from dissipating assets of the E-Trade account until final determination of
Such protection could perhaps be obtained under § 1521, which authorizes the court to grant "any appropriate relief requested by the foreign representative after recognition of a foreign main proceeding.
To qualify the foreign proceeding as a foreign main proceeding, Mendlowitz must show that debtor's CoMI is located in Canada. See § 1502(4), defining "foreign main proceeding" as a foreign proceeding pending in the country where the debtor has its CoMI.
CoMI is a term of art that is used only in the international insolvency or bankruptcy context. However, the term is not defined in chapter 15 or elsewhere in U.S. bankruptcy law. Indeed, it is also not defined in the Model Law (from which chapter 15 derives), or the EIR (from which the Model Law borrowed the term).
Some guidance is provided in the Recital 13 of the EIR, which states that, "[a] centre of main interests should correspond to the place where the debtor conducts the administration of his interests on a regular basis and is therefore ascertainable to third parties." MIGUEL VIRGOS & ETIENNE SCHMIDT, REPORT ON THE CONVENTION ON INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS ¶ 75, at 48-50 (1996), available at http://aei.pitt.edu/952/01/insolvency_report_schmidt_1988.pdf (hereinafter Virgos/Schmidt Report).
This language carries two important consequences. First, a debtor may not have more than one CoMI. Second, the location of the CoMI is an objective determination based on the viewpoint of third parties (usually creditors).
In addition, a debtor must have a CoMI and it must be in a specific country. The international insolvency legal regime is based on the assumption that every international entity has a home or a CoMI that is located in the country where the debtor's main proceeding may be commenced. That country has the greatest interest in the status of the debtor and in the outcome of the insolvency case. That country has also the greatest interest in the debtor because that country provides the legal regime that governs much of the debtor's commercial activities in most cases, including many matters unrelated to insolvency law.
If a debtor has no CoMI, as Winner contends in this case, there is no legal regime governing the debtor's commercial activities. A debtor's activities could be unregulated, and the entity could be operating outside the law. There would be no
Accordingly, in this case, Chiang must have a CoMI in a specific country. Given this mandate, Winner offers no alternative to Canada as the location of Chiang's CoMI and does not bring sufficient evidence to the contrary.
Notwithstanding the lack of a definition of CoMI, § 1516 provides substantial help in determining the CoMI. For an individual, § 1516(c)
"Habitual residence" is a term that is also not defined in the bankruptcy code. We need not address this problem in this case, because it is not disputed that Chiang's habitual residence is in Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. Further, at the time of the filing of this chapter 15 case, Chiang shared his habitual residence with his wife Christina Chiang and two children and debtor's two children attended Upper Canada College, a school in Toronto. The Chiang family has strong personal ties to Canada. Chiang and his family have traveled and have always come back to Canada, and Chiang also has assets in Canada. Finally, Chiang has permanent legal status in Canada. He holds a Canadian passport that was temporarily confiscated by a Canadian court in order to preserve international assets.
Section 1516 shifts the burden to the opponent to rebut this presumption. However, chapter 15 does not indicate the type of evidence required for such a rebuttal. Bear Stearns High-Grade, 389 B.R. at 325.
In the case of an individual debtor, a party needs to use the appropriate factors and not the factors applicable exclusively to a corporate debtor. See Ran, 607 F.3d at 1024; Bear Stearns High-Grade, 389 B.R. at 325. In the present case, in order to rebut the presumption, Winner mistakenly applies factors pertinent to a corporate debtor encompassing the specific characteristics of a corporation such as the location of company personnel, assets, books, and records. Winner has not provided pertinent and sufficient evidence to overcome § 1516(c)'s presumption of the location of the debtor's habitual residence. In consequence, the court finds that Winner has failed to provide sufficient evidence that the debtor's CoMI is not located in Canada.
In the present case, this court finds that the Canadian proceeding is properly recognized as debtor's foreign main proceeding. Debtor's CoMI is in Canada, where debtor maintains his habitual residence.
Given the court's determination that the debtor's CoMI is located in Canada, where the foreign proceeding is pending for which recognition is sought, the court finds that the foreign proceeding is a foreign
This court holds that the Canadian proceeding is the debtor's foreign main proceeding pursuant to § 1517(a). Debtor's habitual residence, which presumptively establishes an individual debtor's CoMI, is located in Canada, and insufficient evidence to the contrary has been presented to rebut that presumption.
For the foregoing reasons, this court orders recognition of the Canadian proceeding as debtor's foreign main proceeding pursuant to § 1517. Further, the court extends the order for interim relief granted on March 23, 2010, staying the E-Trade account subject to further order of this court. See § 1521.
The eventual determination of the rightful owner of the E-Trade account is left to Canadian courts to be decided in due course.
